The Stone Age starts at 3.4 million years ago and lasted till 6000 - 2000 BCE, obsidian is known to be used for 1.5 million, it was valued for his flint-like proporties what was easily broken in to sharp arrowheads .
"The movement of obsidian from Anatolian sources to the Levant and Iraqi Kurdistan took place before
or around the time of the first evidence of sedentary communities around 12500 BCE and continued through the Pre- Pottery Neolithic .
Obsidian came from the Cappadocia source of Göllü_Dağ - east
and the sources of Bingöl and Nemrut Dağı in eastern Anatolia."
A. M. Pollard, Carl Heron (2008).
Archaeological Chemistry.
or around the time of the first evidence of sedentary communities around 12500 BCE and continued through the Pre- Pottery Neolithic .
Obsidian came from the Cappadocia source of Göllü_Dağ - east
and the sources of Bingöl and Nemrut Dağı in eastern Anatolia."
A. M. Pollard, Carl Heron (2008).
Archaeological Chemistry.
Obsidian, crafting city's.
Assumptious claim : The need for high quality obsidian arrowheads, spearpoints made the mining of the material not only a worthy permanent investment that provided enough barter to stay on site, but it also created the opportunity to invest in long-term projects, such as carving art, stones and maybe eventually an entire neolithic city Göbekli Tepe.
Oldest obsidian bracelet reveals amazing craftsmen's skills in the eighth millennium BCE Aşıklı Höyük Digital reconstruction of the bracelet proposed by Mohamed Ben Tkaya (LTDS). Credit: Obsidian Use Project Archives. This image is available from the CNRS photo library, [email protected] Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2011-12-oldest-obsidian-bracelet-reveals-amazing.html#jCp |
Tell Brak, the Halaf culture that start in seven millennium BCE as a settlement evolves to one of the biggest city in 4000 BCE.
Ubaid Culture , prehistoric Mesopotamia 6500 BCE - 3800 BCE
Ur culture ends around 3000 BCE .
Prehistoric Egypt , 6000 BCE -3100 BCE
Obsidian, crafting Vessels.
We find amazing pottery at the very start even before the First Dynasty .
"Drilling with a bow drill and copper bits: Of course I also experimented with drilling. I built a simple Egyptian bow drill, as shown on several illustrations. After some experimenting I managed to find the right material for the sinew and determined the right tension to use. I used different wooden rods and even copper rods and also used different types of sand and mud. I added water, water and oil, milk and whey to emulsify the sands and prevent the drill bits from heating up too much. But as much as I tried, I didn't accomplish more than a slightly colored spot on the surface of the granite. Only when I changed to a chisel made from steel I managed to drill a couple holes into the granite."
http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/stone-cutting.html
http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/stone-cutting.html
So we do not have conclusive evidence, how the harder stone vessels are made.
Obsidian and Copper, old meets new.
"Introduction of copper tubes in the Nagada period"
http://www.sci-lib.net/index.php?act=attach&type=post&id=14668
The setup that is presented has one very obvious flaw, copper .
On the Mohs scale copper has 2.5 - 3Mohs, low melting-point , makes it ideal as first metal to manipulate to desired form, both qualities are not ideal for drilling diorite or basalt ( feldspar )
with hardness 5 - 6 Mohs.
http://www.sci-lib.net/index.php?act=attach&type=post&id=14668
The setup that is presented has one very obvious flaw, copper .
On the Mohs scale copper has 2.5 - 3Mohs, low melting-point , makes it ideal as first metal to manipulate to desired form, both qualities are not ideal for drilling diorite or basalt ( feldspar )
with hardness 5 - 6 Mohs.
"Gorelick and Gwinnett (1983) conducted coring experiments using a bow-powered drill with a copper barrel. In these experiments they used dry and wet quartz sand abrasive, as well as fixed points, and both dry abrasive and slurries of emery, corundum, and diamond. Test of the different method of abrasion were successfully demonstrated in the coring of granite. Their tests, however, did not exhibit concentric striations in both the wet and dry experiments using quartz sand as was observed in Stocks (2001). This may be the result of differences in the quality of the quartz abrasives used in the experiments. Both, diamond and corundum produced concentric striations, but emery was only found to produced them when used as a water or olive oil slurry. It is unlikely that the ancient Egyptians had ready sources of emery, corundum, or diamond in the quantities necessary for an effective abrasive for most of their history, if at all."
http://www.oocities.org/unforbidden_geology/ancient_egyptian_copper_coring_drills.html
http://www.oocities.org/unforbidden_geology/ancient_egyptian_copper_coring_drills.html
No quantities for effective abrasive , could be solved by combining old with new,
crating copper tubes with obsidian melted inside the copper tube as abrasive substance or
crated a copper drill with cutting-tooth's of obsidian similar as modern day diamond-drill.
Imagine the drill with, copper + obsidian
crating copper tubes with obsidian melted inside the copper tube as abrasive substance or
crated a copper drill with cutting-tooth's of obsidian similar as modern day diamond-drill.
Imagine the drill with, copper + obsidian
Obsidian, crumbles civilizations.
"Stone-vessel manufacture declined somewhat near to the end of the Nagada II period, although contemporary, good-quality vessels made of granite, diorite, basalt, gneiss, limestone and calcite were found at Ma’adi,6 and some of these were used for trade. The industry continued to flourish in Early Dynastic times. A fine example of this period is a squat jar (MMA 24.7.5), made of diorite. However, by the end of the Old Kingdom not only did the number of stone vessels decrease, but also the percentage of the vessels made from the hardest stones."
http://www.sci-lib.net/index.php?act=attach&type=post&id=14668
http://www.sci-lib.net/index.php?act=attach&type=post&id=14668
Near the end of the Nagada II period, we have noticeable decline in stone-vessel manufacturing , the reason seems obvious if we take in account that the Anatolian mine played a crucial role in shaping the Levant , the Ur culture that stretched deep in Anatolia, till the fall of it around 3000 BCE, probably disrupting the trade route of obsidian to Egypt , explaining the decline of hard stone vessels. Maybe explaining the wars between the Hittite and the expansion of later Egypt into the Levant. Many new questions but hope you liked the ones I try to answer.
Thanks to,
Extra info and experiments in copper drilling in hard stone, cheops-pyramide.ch
Extra info and photo 2) about obsidian tools from Anatolia ai-journal.com
The article obsidian bracelet phys.org and photo e)
Photo's 1), a), c), d), f), h), i), j), k), l), m), n), q), s), t) wikipedia.org and the available information,
you can donate here
Photo b), ancient-origins.net
Photo g), ancientanatolia.com
Photo p), globalegyptianmuseum.org
Photo r), feramotools.nl
Photo o), oocities.org, and link : http://www.oocities.org/unforbidden_geology/ancient_egyptian_copper_coring__drills.html
provided by Dr. Eric Wells